Borrmann Classification (Gastric Cancer)
Borrmann classification (Borrmann 1926) of advanced gastric cancer (types I-IV), by the gross (macroscopic) tumor appearance - complements the Lauren histological typing.
Open the calculator → Runs in your browser. Data leaves only if you deliberately send a problem report from the interactive tool.
Example
- Borrmann type
- Type IV - diffusely infiltrative (linitis plastica)
Result: Borrmann type IV (diffusely infiltrative; linitis plastica): diffuse infiltration with no obvious mass or ulcer and no clear margins; classically the worst prognosis.
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What the result means
- Type I
- Polypoid: a protruding mass, clearly demarcated, without ulceration.
- Type II
- Fungating / ulcerated: an ulcerated mass with sharply raised, well-demarcated margins.
- Type III
- Ulcerated and infiltrative: an ulcer with raised but partly infiltrative, ill-defined margins.
- Type IV
- Diffusely infiltrative (linitis plastica): no obvious mass or ulcer, no clear margins; worst prognosis.
What you enter
- Borrmann type
How this is calculated
Borrmann R. Geschwulste des Magens und Duodenums. In: Henke F, Lubarsch O, eds. Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie. Berlin: Springer; 1926. Reviewed in Marrelli D, et al. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(12):3081. Read the source ↗
A reference and educational tool. Not medical, legal, or financial advice, and not a substitute for clinician judgment.